Diaryliodonium salts are well-known to transfer an aryl group to carbon and heteroatom nucleophiles, and in some cases a base is required [1]. However, transition metal catalysts and supporting ligands are not needed. Moreover, reactions conducted with diaryliodonium salts are operationally simple because they are non-toxic and are not sensitive to air or moisture. Therefore diaryliodonium salts offer an important alternative to metal-catalyzed arylation reactions. Despite these attractive characteristics, a major obstacle to their adoption in chemical synthesis and discovery chemistry has been commercial availability.

Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1, S1P receptor 1, S1P1, endothelial differentiation gene 1, EDG1) is a G-protein-coupled receptor which binds the bioactive signaling molecule sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). S1PR1 has an important role in regulating endothelial cell cytoskeletal structure, migration, vascular maturation and capillary-like network formation. Also S1PR1 signaling is important in the regulation of lymphocyte maturation, migration and trafficking. Abnormal functioning of S1PR1 is associated with cancer and multiple sclerosis. Agonists and antagonists of this receptor may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of such diseases.

The Retinoic Acid Receptor-related Orphan Receptor-γ (RORγ, RORc, NR1F3, RORG, RZR-GAMMA, RZRG, TOR or IMD42) plays an important role in metabolism, inimmunity and circadian rhythm. Abnormal functioning of RORγ is associated with inflammatory, immune and skin diseases including psoriasis. Antagonists and inverse agonists of this receptor may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of such diseases.

The Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2, gelatinase A, 72 kDa type IV collagenase) is involved in different functions such as reconstruction of the vasculature, angiogenesis, tissue repair, inflammation, tumor invasion and atherosclerotic plaque rupture. Mutations in the MMP2 gene are associated with Torg-Winchester syndrome, arthritis syndrome, multicentric osteolysis and other pathologies. Therefore, small molecule compounds targeting metalloproteinase-2 may be potential treatment for a variety of diseases related to abnormality functioning of MMP2.

Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) act on the androgen receptors (ARs) in a tissue-selective manner and provide an opportunity to promote the beneficial effects of androgens in target tissues with greatly reduced unwanted side-effects. SARMs have been proposed as treatments of choice for various diseases, including muscle-wasting, breast cancer, and osteoporosis.

Caspase 2 (CASP2, CASP-2, ICH1, NEDD-2, NEDD2, PPP1R57) is an initiator caspase for cellular apoptosis. It is also involved in several other vital processes including oxidative stress responses, regulation of cell cycle checkpoints, autophagy and senescence. Disorders of CASP2 activity are observed at obesity, metabolic syndrome, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cancer [1, 2]. Therefore, small molecule compounds modulating CASP2 activity may have significant therapeutic potential.

Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) are compounds that act on the estrogen receptors (ERs). A characteristic that distinguishes these substances from pure ER antagonists and agonists (silent antagonists and full agonists) is that their action is different in various tissues, thereby granting the possibility to selectively inhibit or stimulate estrogen-like action in various tissues.

Transporters are proteins that span the plasma membrane and regulate the traffic of small molecules in and out of the cell. They play a particularly important role in chemical signalling between neurons in the CNS, where they act to control the concentration of neurotransmitters in the synapse. Another key role for transporters is in excluding undesirable xenobiotics from the cell, whilst allowing key molecules required for the cell life cycle to enter. The majority of transporters are targets for drug discovery.

Estrogen-related receptor gamma (ERRγ) is involved in energy metabolism, mitochondrial functions, biogenesis and tissue repair. Disorders of ERRγ are observed at type 2 diabetes, hypoxia, metabolic syndrome and cancer. Therefore, small molecule compounds modulating ERRγ activity may have significant therapeutic potential.

The SH2 (Src Homology 2) domains play key roles in different kinase-mediated intracellular signal transduction pathways and many human diseases are associated with their dysregulation [1-3].